World Spine Day 2025: Neurosurgeon explains 4 conditions that can cause spinal tuberculosis, which can cause serious damage

On this World Spine Day 2025, let us tell you about spinal tuberculosis, also known as Potts disease. While tuberculosis (TB) is known to primarily affect the lungs, it can also spread to the spinal cord. If not treated promptly, it can cause serious and sometimes permanent damage.

What is spinal tuberculosis?

Spinal TB occurs when tuberculosis bacteria spread through the blood to the spinal cord. It is usually triggered by an untreated infection elsewhere in the body. This can cause severe back pain, changes in the shape of the spinal cord, and even paralysis. It is important to know how spinal TB develops for early detection and treatment. Dr Giri explains four conditions that, if left untreated, can significantly increase your chances of developing spinal tuberculosis.

1. Untreated pulmonary (lung) TB

One of the most common starting points for tuberculosis (TB) is the lungs. Dr Giri explained that “if pulmonary TB is not treated or if antibiotic treatment is incomplete, the infection can spread to the spine.”

• Mechanism of spread: When bacteria reach the bones of the spine, they can cause damage to the vertebrae. This damage can reduce spinal movement, pinch nerves, and cause problems like weak legs and severe back pain.
• Importance of treatment: It is important that you take all your TB medicines exactly as prescribed by your doctor. Missing doses or stopping the medicine too soon can harm your health and increase your risk of spinal TB.

2. Chronic or recurring infections

Many people do not recognize the symptoms of chronic infection. Persistent low-grade fever, fatigue, or unexplained weight loss may be signs of unknown underlying problems in the body.

• Possible hidden infections: Dr Giri explains that “Chronic diseases can affect areas such as lymph nodes, kidneys and stomach. These areas can contain dormant TB bacteria. If the immune system becomes weak, these bacteria can become active again years later.”
• immune response: Regular checkups and paying attention to unusual symptoms can save lives. If you feel tired or notice sudden changes in your weight, talk to your healthcare provider. It is important to remove any hidden infection.

3. Neglected bone or joint TB

A major risk of spinal TB is untreated tuberculosis that starts in the bones or joints.

• Symptoms to look for: Many people ignore ongoing joint pain or try to relieve it with over-the-counter pain relievers. This could be a warning sign.
• Need for prompt assessment: Dr Giri says, “You should not ignore long-term bone or joint pain. If the cause is tuberculosis (TB), waiting to get a diagnosis can cause the infection to spread to the spine. This can cause more damage and make treatment difficult later.”

4. Weak immunity and poor nutrition

A wide range of conditions can affect the immune system, making it easier for TB bacteria to spread. These include co-existing conditions: diabetes, HIV/AIDS and malnutrition. “Weak immunity opens the door to spinal TB,” says Dr Giri.

• Preventive measures: Maintaining good nutrition and effectively managing chronic diseases are important preventive steps. Regular health checkups can help manage these conditions and keep your immune system strong.

How long should back pain last before seeing a doctor?

Dr. Giri emphasizes that “if back pain persists for more than a few weeks, you should not ignore it.” Early detection of problems is important to prevent serious problems related to spinal tuberculosis.

What to do:

• Pay attention to symptoms like ongoing back pain, fever, night sweats, or weakness in your legs that you can’t explain.
• Get medical help right away if you have any of these symptoms.

Spinal TB can be completely cured if diagnosed early and treated appropriately. Getting a timely diagnosis and following a strict medication plan can save your spine and prevent future problems like chronic pain and lifelong disability.