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The leading cause of cancer in women in India is cervical cancer followed by breast cancer. In fact, 1.2 lakh new cases of cervical cancer are reported annually in the country. According to data from the Global Cancer Observatory, cervical cancer was the ninth most common cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Closer to home, it is the third most common type of cancer in both sexes combined.
While the number of cases detected in urban areas has declined – mainly due to timely diagnosis – rural areas across the country are witnessing high mortality rates due to inadequate health facilities. From vaccination to early treatment and overall awareness, we speak to experts about everything you need to know about this condition.
What is Cervical Cancer?
This is a type of cancer that develops in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is mainly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual contact. Although cervical cancer can be life-threatening, it can be prevented and treated if detected early.
causes and symptoms
Any woman with cervicitis is at risk, but this is often increased by factors such as persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, a weakened immune system, smoking, early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, and a history of sexually transmitted infections. Therefore, women who do not get regular checkups are usually at greater risk.
It is important to note that early-stage cervical cancer often causes no symptoms, making screening important. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding (after intercourse, between menstruation, or after menopause), unusual discharge, pelvic pain, or pain during intercourse. Advanced cases may cause swelling in the legs, fatigue, or difficulty urinating.
How often should you get screened?
The frequency of screening depends on the person’s age and health history. Women between the ages of 21 and 29 should undergo a Pap smear (a procedure that involves collecting cells from the cervix to test for various conditions) every three years.
For those over the age of 30, it is important to choose co-testing – a combination of Pap smear and HPV testing – every five years. Women over 65 years of age with a history of normal results may discontinue screening after consultation with their healthcare provider.
Does it affect men?
Yes, men can be affected by HPV, as it can cause genital warts and even cancer of the penis and throat. Therefore, the HPV vaccine is effective in reducing these risks and is recommended for boys and men following the same dosing schedule as women.
all about the vaccine
The vaccine protects against most of the common HPV strains that cause cancer. It is usually recommended for adolescents ages 11–12, but can be given as early as nine years of age. Vaccination is recommended for men and women up to 26 years of age and in some cases even adults up to 45 years of age.
Vaccinating boys helps reduce the risks, while contributing to herd immunity as it indirectly protects women from cervical cancer.
input from Dr Amit UpadhyaySenior Consultant Hematologist and Oncologist, PSRI Hospital New Delhi, Arpan TalwarFounder of Purobest, a brand owned by Innov Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Dr. C. NagpalGynecologist, Salubritas Medcenter
nutrition is the word
There is evidence to suggest that certain nutraceuticals (a supplement or food product that fulfills a medical purpose) may help prevent HPV-related carcinogenesis. In other words, the risk of developing cervical cancer can be reduced by using nutrition.
Foods rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, selenium, and polyunsaturated fatty acids are important for people who are HPV positive and people with suspicious Pap smears. “Nutraceuticals with antioxidant properties may help reduce oxidative stress and DNA damage which are major factors in carcinogenesis. By providing immune support, certain foods can fight viruses and reduce chronic inflammation,” explains Dr Mandeep Singh Malhotra, director of oncology at CK Birla Hospital.
Fertility concerns
Options such as egg freezing and embryo banking before treatment may be reassuring for women with cervical cancer who may be concerned about their fertility.
Dr. Vaishali Sharma, IVF Specialist, VS Healthcare
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